ABSTRACT

For 5G IoT communication, a microstrip patch antenna integrated with a T-shaped stub is designed in this paper to cover the micro-wave and mm-wave bands. The antenna, which is simulated in a Rogers RT-5880 substrate using the CST simulation tool, has a very small size of 10×11×1.6 mm3. With a resonance frequency of 6.9 GHz and 26 GHz, respectively, the antenna's bandwidth ranges from 5.4 GHz to 10.9 GHz in the microwave band and from 23.4 GHz to 28.1 GHz in the mm-wave band. At microwave and mm-wave frequencies, the greatest realized gain is around 4.2 dBi and 6.5 dBi, respectively. The efficiency ranges in the microwave and mm-wave bands from 60% to 80%. The suggested antenna performs exceptionally well and guarantees connectivity in 5G IoT applications that center on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications.

Keywords: Antenna; Microwave; Millimeter-wave.

ABSTRACT

This study explores a multi-stubbed antenna that is linked to a rectangular patch. It is meant to facilitate 5G wireless communication and IoT applications in the microwave and millimeter-wave frequency bands. With dimensions of 13×15×1.6 mm³, the antenna is remarkably compact. With resonance frequencies of 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz, respectively, the operating bandwidth in the microwave band is 2.95 GHz to 4.1 GHz, while in the mm-wave band it is 25.9 GHz to 29.6 GHz. The return loss values at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz are -37 dB and -32 dB, respectively. In their respective frequency bands, the realized gains are around 3 dBi and 7.5 dBi, while efficiency is between 71% and 80% throughout all operational bandwidths. The antenna shows an omnidirectional radiation pattern in both frequency ranges. 5G wireless communication and Internet of Things (IoT) applications are a good fit, according to the antenna's effectiveness.

Keywords: Antenna; Dual-band; IoT.

ABSTRACT

Two new five-membered ring heterocyclic compounds were synthesized. The pyrazoline derived 4-(1-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-methoxy-6-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenyl benzoate 4 was formed from the condensation of 2-methoxy-6-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)-4-(3-phenylprop-1-en-3-one-1-yl)phenyl benzoate 7 and acetophenone 8 to obtain 9 which was cyclized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine 10. While the imidazole derived 4-(((4,5-diphenyl-4H-imidazol-2-yl)imino)methyl)-2-methoxy-6-((4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl)phenyl benzoate 5 was produced from the reaction between 7 and guanidine carbonate 11 and the product was cyclized with benzoin 13. Both compounds were characterized by m.p., FTIR, UV-Vis and 1HNMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the mass spectrum of the imidazole derivative 5 was determined.

Keywords:  Synthesis; Five-membered Ring; Pyrazoline; Imidazole; Mass Spectra; 1HNMR; FTIR; UV–Vis.

ABSTRACT

The interaction between anti-diabetic Sulfonyl urea drug, is often prescribed for treatment of T2DM to help lowering blood sugar levels by stimulating insulin secretion, and human insulin have been studied by spectroscopic UV spectra under physiological condition pH 7.4 in Tris–HCl buffer solution and in vitro glucose uptake by using anesthetized rabbit muscle tissues. The investigation was to examine binding propensity of glimepiride to insulin and to clarify how it works at the molecular target. The results of spectral analysis showed an increase in the sharp absorption intensity at 280 nm of insulin and the binding constant Kb was 0.079 x 104 M-1 at 298 K. The thermodynamic parameters ΔS, ΔH and ΔG, at various temperatures were calculated which indicated a spontaneous, exothermic interactions with hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding plays a major role in Insulin–Glimepiride association. Furthermore, the glucose uptake decreased with increasing drug concentration. To conclusion, the binding makes insulin action less efficient, explains the increase resistance to the administration of glimepiride in T2DM patients using high doses of drug for long time.

Keywords:  Glimepiride drug; Human Insulin; Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding; in vitro glucose uptake; Thermodynamic parameters; UV-Visible Spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of Copper, Nickel, and Lead in whole blood samples collected from individuals with environmental and occupational exposure to toxic metals. The study collected ninety-nine samples from various stations and occupations in Sana'a, Yemen. The samples were digested using dry ashing in a microwave muffle and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The findings of the study showed that the Nickel concentration in the blood samples had a range of 1.10 ppb, with an average concentration within that range. However, no significant reaction was observed for the concentrations of Copper and Lead. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is Nickel contamination in the blood samples. Additionally, the study found that individuals who work as smaller and tinier handlers or in difficult and high-risk professions were more exposed to metal toxicity. The trend of increased exposure to toxic metals, in order of magnitude, was observed as Copper more than Lead more than Nickel. These findings suggest that there is a need for further investigation and potential interventions to reduce exposure to Nickel and other toxic metals in occupational and environmental settings.

Keywords:  Biomonitoring Human Model; Blood; Toxic Metals; Dry Ashing; Inductivity Coupled Plasma; Optical Emission Spectrometry ICP-OES.

ABSTRACT

Assessing goals is crucial for effectively measuring and monitoring evaluation tasks in a systematic manner. In Agile projects, evaluating the quality of test cases (TCQ) can be accomplished by creating measurement items based on specific goals. These items help develop a customized TCQ assessment model that meets practical needs. However, existing TCQ models in Agile environments often lack a comprehensive evaluation method. This study aims to address this gap by proposing an evaluation methodology for TCQ that is grounded in a goal-oriented approach. It examines the Goal-Question-Metrics (GQM) method and its application in devising measurement items relevant to TCQ assessment. Additionally, it provides practical insights and illustrative examples of measurement scenarios using the GQM method. The paper demonstrates how the GQM paradigm can be employed to develop TCQ metrics, offering valuable support to testers in evaluating test cases (TCs) and enabling organizations to effectively align with project requirements.

Keywords:  Goal-Question-Metric, Testing Metrics, Test Case Quality.

ABSTRACT

Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) is a type of tuna that is frequently encountered in the warm tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific area. Despite its wide distribution, there is a lack of sufficient data regarding its management, stock, and conservation in Malaysia and surrounding waters. This has led to concerns about potential overfishing and depletion of the species. To effectively manage and protect a species, it is crucial to understand its stock structure. This can be achieved through a molecular-based assessment. In this study, the genetic diversity of Kawakawa in the waters of Malaysian Borneo was investigated using the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) COI gene. It involved sequencing a 632 COI region base pair section in 117 individuals from eight different populations in Malaysian Borneo. The outcomes showed varying levels of genetic divergence among the samples, ranging from minimum to maximum. The standard nucleotide variety (π) and haplotype diversity (Hd) were found to be 0.0040 and 0.5170, respectively. The analysis of the neighbour-joining tree showed the emergence of three separate groups within Kawakawa specimens. This research marks an important achievement, offering the initial extensive record of the stock hereditary variability of Kawakawa in Malaysian Borneo.

Keywords:  Kawakawa, E. affinis, Genetic diversity, COI, Mitochondrial DNA.

ABSTRACT

Agile methodologies have become a cornerstone in software development, fostering adaptability, collaboration, and iterative progress. Concurrently, blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force with applications across various industries. However, the integration of agile methods into blockchain projects presents unique challenges and opportunities. Despite the increasing adoption of agile practices in software development, there is a notable literature gap in understanding how these methodologies are applied within the context of blockchain projects. This paper presents a survey-based examination of how agile methodologies are being integrated into blockchain projects, focusing on developer drivers, obstacles, and requirements. Through a comprehensive analysis of survey data. We sent an online survey to active blockchain developers in GitHub repositories of popular blockchain projects. The survey received 135 responses that met our criteria for analysis. This study found that software developers are primarily motivated by technical attraction, similar to OSS developers. Flexibility to adapt to changing requirements is a key driver for adopting agile in blockchain projects. Agile practices enhance collaboration and speed up delivery. Challenges include scaling agile for blockchain, regulatory compliance, and specialized skill requirements. Successful agile implementation often involves using the Scrum framework.

Keywords: agile methodologies, blockchain projects, developer drivers, developer obstacles, developer requirements.

ABSTRACT

Activated carbon, renowned for its exceptional adsorption capabilities, finds extensive applications across various industries. This study explores the synthesis of activated carbon derived from sesbania wood and evaluates its efficacy in removing paracetamol from aqueous solutions. The preparation process involves a series of steps, including chemical activation using different acids, calcination at varying temperatures, and the influence of nitrogen gas flow during cooling. Optimal conditions for producing activated carbon are determined through systematic experimentation, considering factors such as the amount of aluminium chloride, the type of acid used, calcination temperature, and nitrogen gas flow. Results revealed that activated carbon produced with 0.5 g of aluminium chloride and phosphoric acid as the activating agent at a calcination temperature of 450°C exhibits the highest paracetamol removal efficiency of 76.6%. Continuous nitrogen flow during cooling further enhances the performance of the activated carbon. Moreover, additional thermal activation improves the adsorption capacity, achieving a removal percentage of 89.3% within a short equilibrium time. This study demonstrates the potential of sesbania-derived activated carbon as an effective adsorbent for pharmaceutical pollutant removal, contributing to sustainable environmental remediation efforts.

Keywords:  Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Paracetamol, Pharmaceutical Pollution, Sesbania.

ABSTRACT

For decades, oil and gas have become the most important sources of energy in our world, as they are considered the main sources of fuel and electric power. Malfunctions or interruptions in this industry affect all activities in this world. Failure in the oil and gas pipeline network valves leads to financial losses and, in some cases, loss of life. There are many reasons behind valve failure, including valve type, maintenance quality, operating environment, human faults, lockout features, etc. Valve malfunction requires unscheduled maintenance (production outage) or safety valve installation. Therefore, the maintenance team performs several periodic tests that determine the condition of the valve. However, a new measurement mechanism is still required to predict valve status during advanced operating stages and reduce sudden malfunctions. This paper proposes a measurement mechanism called Predict Valve Replacement Data (PVRD). This mechanism is an auxiliary tool for the maintenance team to measure valve status during oil and gas production operations. PVRD provides data to the maintenance team about valve consumption during production and the expected valve replacement date. This paper discussed the results of measuring PVRD through a data set with five valves. The results showed a V100A valve that must be replaced due to the total consumption rate reaching 100%, and a V205B valve that may cause a malfunction due to the total consumption rate reaching 92.2%.

Keywords: Valve Failure; Valve Consumption; Valve Replacement Date; Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Valves; Oil and Gas Production; Measurement Tool.

ABSTRACT

Today Safety-Critical Systems (SCSs) are used in many systems such as flight control systems, medical systems, and aerospace systems. Developers face significant challenges in dealing with SCS systems due to the complexities of these systems, which may lead to failures during the runtime. Several studies have found that up to 59% of SCS failures can be avoided by optimizing development processes. Software engineers attempt to devise solutions to reduce the incidence of SCSs failures during development. However, there is still a gap in the reliability of the final product. Therefore, this paper focuses on how to reduce the causes of SCS failure and enhance the reliability assessment by minimizing failures and then conforming to the standards. This research proposed the PPM-ISD which is an updated version of the PM-ISD Measurement Framework.  PPM-ISD adds predictive metrics that measure compliance with standards and enhance the reliability of development processes. This paper discusses PPM-ISD predictivity Metrics using the Health Surgery Department (HSD) Development project. Actual results tracing HSD development processes showed a failure tolerance rate of 93.5% and 70.54% for reliability. The results of the PM-ISD tracking metrics showed an enhancement of fault tolerance to 99.18% and a 99.1% reliability improvement in the completion phase. PPM-ISD prediction boosted fault tolerance to 99.34% and 99.5% for reliability.

Keywords: Safety-Critical System (SCSs); Safety-Critical System Development (SCSD); Health Surgery Department (HSD); Area: Software Measurement; Development Process; Project Management.

ABSTRACT

In software systems in general, quality is one of the characteristics and requirements of software systems. However, in critical systems development, quality becomes an important principle underlying critical systems development, since failure in critical systems poses significant risks to human life or the environment. To address this problem, there is a need for methodologies that can meet changing market requirements while adhering to critical standards and characteristics of these systems. This study aims to develop a new framework called SAPM (Scrum and PMBOK) to enhance the quality of development processes in critical systems. The framework integrates Scrum methodology and PMBOK practices to achieve improved performance and high quality. This study is based on a medical system development case study, in which the implementation of SAPM is analyzed in this context. This study reviews the theoretical concepts associated with Scrum and the PMBOK, as well as a breakdown of the methodology used. The results of the comparison between the SAPM project and a historical project using a traditional methodology reveal that the SAPM project required no scope adjustments or rework, while the historical project required three scope adjustments and five rework requests. Although the implemented project faced a 10-day delay, it outperformed the historical project that was delayed by 24 days. Consequently, a better customer experience was achieved as the customer and stakeholder satisfaction rate achieved 8.3 while in the historical project, it was 6.6. This research contributes to the field by presenting a practical and effective framework that integrates best practices in project management and software development and provides recommendations for further enhancements based on the case study findings.

Keywords: critical systems; project management body of knowledge (PMBOK); agile software development methodologies (ASDMs); SAPM framework.

ABSTRACT

Women who suffer from PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) often have an excess of testosterone in their bodies. Androgens act via androgen receptors (AR), and the polymorphic trinucleotide (CAG) repeat sequence in exon 1 of the AR gene is responsible for AR function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the polymorphism in the repeat length of the AR gene, CAG, is linked to PCOS and total testosterone (TT). In order to genotype the AR (CAG)n polymorphisms by PCR, DNA was taken from peripheral blood leucocytes and recorded along with testosterone levels, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The study discovered no connection between Yemeni women's TT or PCOS and the CAG repeat polymorphism. The study concluded that among Yemeni women, the CAG repeat polymorphism is not a significant predictor of PCOS or TT. Due to the conflicting findings regarding the significance of CAG repeat polymorphism in earlier research, all of the study's intriguing subjects will be able to add to the body of knowledge that either supports or refutes the theory supporting the various interpretations of the emergence of PCOS, particularly in cases where genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors overlap, in addition to ethnic differences.

Keywords: Total testosterone; Polycystic ovary syndrome; androgen receptor gene.

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to identify corallivorous gastropods Drupella species that occur in Jeddah coastal waters by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) technique. Specimens of Drupella were collected along Jeddah coast by using forceps, during ecological surveys and to identify Drupella species by shell morphological characteristics and study its radula morphology by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. Radula was extracted by removing the anterior portion of the proboscis and then boiled in a test tube containing alkaline solution (KOH 5-10%), then Dehydration was done in increasing concentration of Ethanol. Then the dehydrated radulae were coated to make them suitable for SEM observation. According to shell morphological characteristics and radula morphology, the study concluded that there was only one species of Drupella was observed along Jeddah coast which is Drupella cornus.

Keywords:  Radula morphology, Drupella cornus, Scanning Electron Microscope, Jeddah.

ABSTRACT

Extracting essential information from lengthy text documents can be challenging and time-consuming. Therefore, automatic text summarization is crucial for condensing extensive texts while preserving critical information. Various techniques have been employed, including extractive, abstractive, and hybrid approaches. Abstractive summarization, which generates new sentences that convey the original text's meaning, is particularly challenging due to natural language understanding and generation complexity. This paper compares three transformer-based sequence-to-sequence models for abstractive text summarization of Arabic documents: AraBART, AraT5, and mBERT2mBERT. Each model leverages advanced natural language processing techniques to effectively analyze and summarize Arabic texts. In our experiments, these models generated concise summaries from extensive Arabic texts. The results demonstrated that AraBART outperformed the other two models, achieving a ROUGE1 (f-score) of 26.42%, which indicates its effectiveness in preserving essential information and generating coherent summaries. While AraT5 and mBERT2mBERT achieved 8.84% and 8.2% respectively. These findings highlight the potential of transformer-based models to enhance the quality of abstractive text summarization for Arabic documents, improving the accessibility and understanding of large volumes of Arabic text.

Keywords: Arabic text, abstractive summarization; transformer-based; AraBART; AraT5; mBERT.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the extent to which companies and factories manufacturing bottled drinking water sold in markets in Mukalla city- Hadhramout Governorate-Republic of Yemen adhere to the Yemeni chloride standards, as well as to compare the chloride value with the concentrations written on the bottle labels. 18 samples were collected from the city markets in a random manner. All of them are made in Yemen by different local national companies. The samples were kept in a cool, well-ventilated place away from sunlight in Hadhramout University's Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Marine Biology laboratory. The results and comparisons confirmed that the chloride concentrations in all samples were within Yemeni and WHO standards, but the results of the comparisons between what was written on the labels of the bottles and the actual chloride concentrations were very weak. The analysis showed that except for Al-Jazeera, Al-Hanna, Mawadh, Sugya, and Delta Mukalla samples that did not show significant differences (P>0.05) of chloride concentrations in water between labels and samples, the rest 13 samples (about 72%) showed significant differences (P<0.05). Therefore, the credibility and reliability of many companies and factories are dubious. Accordingly, some recommendations were made to the relevant authorities and agencies to improve and fix this problem.

Keywords:  Bottled drinking water; chloride; Yemeni; WHO; Standards; Mukalla; Yemen.

ABSTRACT

Different geographic populations have differing rates of transfusion-transmissible viral infections (TTVIs) among blood donors. The biggest risks to the recipient's safety when receiving blood are blood-borne infections such HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and cytomegalovirus (CMV).. The purpose of this research is to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for infections with HIV, HCV, HBV, and CMV in blood donors at the national blood transfusion and research center in Hadhramout coast, Yemen. This study conveniently included 200 blood donors in total. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to gather sociodemographic information as well as information on other variables. Monoclonal blood grouping antisera were used to determine the Rh and ABO blood types. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was used to test serum samples from blood donors for the presence of antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The blood group with the highest percentage (53.5%) among the 200 donors was O, followed by A (28.0%), B (14.5%), and AB (4.0%). Additionally, there were 12.0% lower Rh-negative donors overall than Rh-positive donors (88.0%). The largest proportion of TTVIs was 10.5% for anti-HBc total, with HBsAg (2.5%), HCV(0.5%), anti-CMV IgM and anti-CMV IgG(5.5%), and (90.5%) coming in second and third, respectively. However, it was discovered that none of the donors had HIV. The Hadhramout coast of Yemen blood donors tested in this study had a noticeably reduced rate of seropositive TTVIs, as demonstrated by the results. In order to stop TTVIs from occurring seropositive, we had to make improvements to the national blood transfusion program.

Keywords:  Blood donors, Transfusion transmissible viruses infections, viral infections, HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV.

ABSTRACT

Microbial quality of food is a major issue for safe food consumption. The microorganisms contained in food are initially not a part of it, but they come from various sources. The study was aimed to assessment of the bacterial quality of food prepared and sold at five food service centres (cafeterias) surrounding Hadhramout University, Mukalla. Microbiological tests were achieved for isolation, enumeration of aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in 15 samples of bread, egg and juice collected randomly from the cafeterias, using the morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. Yemen Standards Metrology and Quality Control Organization and Saudi Standards Metrology and Quality Organization were used for assessment of food bacterial quality. The juice samples were reported as the most polluted samples, followed by the egg, then bread. The juice samples were highly contaminated in all cafeterias in respect to the total aerobic bacteria and allowed in respect to Staph. aureus and coliforms (except one cafeteria). The egg samples were accepted in all cafeterias in respect to the total aerobic bacteria and coliforms, and highly contaminated with Staph. aureus except one cafeteria. The bread samples were highly contaminated in respect to the total aerobic bacteria and Staph. aureus, and allowed in respect to the total coliforms, E. coli was not detected. The general statistical analysis revealed that the most contaminated samples were obtained from cafeterias number 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1 with percentages of 45%, 18%, 18%, 10% and 4%, respectively. Finally, this study recommends some preventive conditions which should be followed by the government and food service centres, and also maintain the standard hygienic conditions to prepare, cook and handle foods and to avoid the spreading of harmful bacteria through consumption of contaminated foods.

Keywords:  Escherichia coli; Food; Microbial Quality; Staphylococcus aureus; Cafeteria.

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on producing biodiesel from Moringa peregrina seed oil, a popular alternative fuel due to its economic value and versatility. The soxhlet extraction of Moringa peregrina seeds using hexane as the solvent yielded 34% w/w of the seed oil. The study included an analysis of the physicochemical properties of the extracted Moringa peregrina seed oil. The oil is converted to biodiesel by using KOH-catalyzed transesterification, yielding a high ester content of 96.52%. The biodiesel meets ASTM D6751 standards, with a flash point 111℃, exceeding that of conventional diesel, enhancing safety during handling and transport. However, its pour point 12℃, cloud point 17℃, viscosity 4.96 at 40℃ and 1.81 at 100℃, density 876 Kg/m3, and specific gravity 0.90, which differs from diesel impacting low-temperature performance, appearance, injection, and engine efficiency. The structure of the produced biodiesel was confirmed using multiple analytical techniques, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The Moringa peregrina seed oil is found to be a promising biodiesel source when blended up to 20% with conventional diesel fuel.

Keywords:  Yemeni Moringa Peregrina seeds oil; Synthesis Biodiesel; Physicochemical Characterization.

ABSTRACT

Petcoke from refineries was chemically activated by potassium hydroxide at moderate temperature under ambient atmosphere. The results show that the chemical activation by potassium hydroxide gives the higher surface area and lower particles size. The effect of the ratio of potassium hydroxide to petcoke was studied and the ratio of 6:1 was found to be the best and gives the maximum surface area (1500 m2/g). The decreasing in the metals` content in the activated coke was noticed and FTIR spectrum identified the increasing of oxygen content on the surface of activated petcoke. The X-ray diffraction showed disorder in the crystalline structure following the activation step, resulting in a cubic crystallized structure with the P63 space group C8. The adsorption isotherm for removal phenol from aqueous solutions on the high surface area activated carbon was found to follow the Langmuir model. Several thermodynamic metrics, including enthalpy change (Δ𝐻), entropy change (Δ𝑆), and Gibbs free energy change (Δ𝐺), were assessed.

Keywords: Activated carbon; Adsorption isotherm; Petcoke, Phenol.

ABSTRACT

The water from the Al-Rawdah and Hassan springs in AL-Hami was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties. The investigations were done for a period of one year to assess water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results indicated that the measurements of water temperature, electrical conductivity(E.C.), total dissolved solids(TDS), total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulphate SO42-, fluoride F -, manganese Mn-, calcium Ca+2, and potassium K+ were found to exceed the acceptable limits set by both Yemeni and the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Therefore, the water that comes from Al-Rawdah and Hassan is considered to be unsuitable for consumption. The question of whether or not Al-Rawdah and Hassan are appropriate for irrigation purposes requires further research to be conducted.

Keywords: Water quality; Sulfur water; Drinking purposes; Agricultural uses.

ABSTRACT

Durum wheat is a fundamental food source that provides carbs, proteins, dietary fibers, and other bioactive components essential for human nutrition. It is primarily used in Mediterranean regions to produce staple items including pasta, couscous, bulgur, and some types of bread. This study aims to examine the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on seed quality as a component of a sustainable diet.  The chemical techniques and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to examine cham7 durum wheat flour.  Analytical methods were used to determine the moisture content, ash content, wet and dry gluten content, gluten index, and protein concentration. Furthermore, the alterations in the functional groups of wheat flour were assessed by FTIR. The impact of silver nanoparticles on the quality of wheat flour is confirmed by the results of conventional chemical analysis, which were in line with the alterations in the flour's functional group. Furthermore, FTIR spectroscopy is thought to be a rapid and environmentally benign method for examining how treatment with nanoparticles affects flour quality.

Keywords: Durum wheat; formatting, nanoparticles; silver; FTIR spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT

In today's digital age, social media platforms like Facebook have become a dominant source of news and information. Users are constantly bombarded with a vast array of content, making efficient organization and categorization crucial for information access and consumption. However, accurately classifying these news posts into specific topical categories remains a significant challenge. This paper investigates the effectiveness of various statistics Feature Selection (FS) techniques for topic classification of Facebook news posts, specifically focusing on content from two prominent news channels: Al- Jazeera and Al-Arabiya. By employing a combination of n-gram features (unigram, bigram, trigram), FS techniques like Information Gain (IG) and Chi-square, and a powerful Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, we aim to optimize the process of classifying news posts into their respective topical and emotional categories. Additionally, we address the prevalent issue of imbalanced data, where certain topics and emotions may be extremely represented compared to others, by utilizing Random Oversampling (ROS) to enhance classification accuracy. Through this comprehensive approach, we hope to shed light on the most effective FS techniques for this specific task, while also providing valuable insights into the topical and emotional landscape of news content on these prominent Facebook channels.

Keywords: Feature Selection; Topic Classification; Emotion Classification; Social Media; Classification Methods; Imbalanced Data Techniques.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to impose an operational matrix based on Said-Ball polynomial to the chemical kinetics system, which was illustrated in the form of a system of ordinary differential equations. For obtaining the approximate solution, the chemical kinetics system is transformed to a simplified set of nonlinear algebraic equations. The numerical outputs and solution procedures illustrate that this approach may be easily applied to a wide class of scientific numerical applications with a high level of accuracy. 

Keywords:  Said-Ball polynomial; Chemical kinetics systems; Collocation method; Nonlinear ordinary differential equations.

ABSTRACT

Nanoparticles of copper oxide (CuO NPs) were formed by combining Moringa oleifera leaf extract with a solution of copper acetate monohydrate [Cu (CH3COO)2.H2O]. FTIR, SEM-EDX, UV-Vis, and XRD investigations validated the purity of CuO NPs to identify their structure. The 273 nm UV-Vis absorption shoulder of CuO NPs was observed. FTIR identification of 422-497 cm-1 absorption band. The peak may represent Cu-O stretching. Bioactive substances include functional groups, according to FT-IR spectra. Crystalline CuO NPs were discovered by X-rays. Scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical CuO NPs with 45–90 nm diameters. The antibacterial activity of CuO NPs was assessed on all chosen strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. CuO nanoparticles (NPs) show great potential as an antibacterial agent, since their antibacterial activity is enhanced with increasing concentration. Simple, environmentally-friendly methods for generating nanoparticles from plant extracts have emerged as a valuable tool in nanotechnology, playing a crucial role in our daily lives. Further research is required to investigate the antibacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antifungal properties of nanoparticles derived from plants

Keywords: Green biosynthesis, Moringa oleifera leave, Antibacterial properties, Copper oxide nanoparticles.

ABSTRACT

Computer viruses pose a significant problem for both household and commercial networks. Consequently, numerous researchers have explored methods to safeguard against them by creating anti-virus software that may be deployed as a form of immunisation on a user's PC or crucial network nodes. To combat the spread of viruses, an additional approach that can be employed is the implementation of preventive policies that are designed based on the overall functioning of a system, employing population models similar to those utilised in epidemiological research. This study has made adjustments to the susceptible-infected-removed model in order to incorporate our proposed solution to the problem of computer viruses. The Said-Ball collocation approach is employed to solve the dynamic model of the computer virus. This method transforms the set of nonlinear differential equations and the given conditions into a matrix equation, which corresponds to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations.

Keywords:  Operational Matrices, Said-Ball Polynomials, Computer virus, Network security, Nonlinear differential equations 

ABSTRACT

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is considered a tool for determining organic components in wheat seed. Also, it can used to indicate the changes in functional groups after being treated with AgNPs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in seed composition when it was soaked with AgNPs using FTIR. The results of FTIR spectra indicated functional groups related to O-H, C-C, C=O, C-O, C-N, C-H, N -H and CH2 in all samples. Our results affirmed the changes in functional groups in chamA1, chamA2 and chamA3 compared to control. Most of these changes were in protein, alkyl, lipid, Amid I and Amid II and UCDc regions. In addition, chamA3 was distinguished by changes in Amid III, UCDc and amorphous regions of starch compared to other samples. Thus, spectroscopic techniques are considered active methods to evaluate seed quality for various manufacturing purposes.

Keywords:  Wheat seeds; Soaking; Nanoparticles; Silver; FTIR spectroscopy.

ABSTRACT

The current study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles via chemical precipitation method with various calcination temperatures and investigating their optical and structural properties. Synthesized CuO nanoparticles were characterized using several techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns for the CuO NPs exhibited that the CuO NPs are highly crystalline. The SEM images demonstrated spherical characteristics and homogeneous distribution with a rock-like structure. The EDX spectrum of the prepared CuO nanoparticles revealed four signals, three at 0.9, 8 and ~8.9 keV due to Cu, and another signal from oxygen at 0.5 keV, indicating the formation of copper oxide nanoparticles without any impurities. The UV-Vis spectra showed an absorption peak at 295 nm where the direct and indirect band gap values were calculated from optical measurements which were found to be in the range 1.63-3.25 eV which decreased with increasing calcination temperature.

Keywords: Copper oxide nanoparticle; Optical and structural properties; Band gap; Precipitation method; SEM; XRD; EDX; UV-Vis

ABSTRACT

Pennahia aneus, also known as (Greyfin croaker) is a commercially important demersal fish that predominates the Indo-Pacific tropical waters, whose stock structure is still not clear. Consequently, its successful management and sustainable use are not properly ensured. This study aimed to identify the stock structure of seven populations of P. aneus by evaluating body morphometrics. A total of 164 individuals of P. aneus were collected from landing sites (Kuala Kedah, Kota Kuala Muda, Batu Maung, Kuala Muda Penaga, Pantai Remis, Kuala Kurau, and Kuala Selangor) along the Malacca Straits. Multivariate discriminant functional analysis (DFA) of 7 morphometric traits was applied to discriminate seven populations of P. aneus. The results showed significant variations in the morphometrics between the populations, indicating the existence of distinct stocks. Furthermore, the results revealed that the populations could be divided into three distinct groups: Kota Kuala Muda (Kedah), and Kuala Muda Penaga (Penang) group; Pantai Remis (Perak), Kuala Kedah (Kedah), Kuala Kurau (Perak), and Batu Maung (Penang) group, and the Kuala Selangor group based on their location along the Malacca Strait. The overall percentage of correct classification into the original population groups was 65.2%. Our findings provide important baseline information that will serve as a guide for fisheries management and conservation efforts in the region. This is the first report on using morphometrics to identify P. aneus stocks in Malaysian waters.

Keywords: DFA, Malacca strait, P. aneus, stock identification, sustainable use.

ABSTRACT

Software-defined networking (SDN) is gaining popularity due to its flexibility and scalability, which streamline network management and foster innovations in network architecture and protocols. Within SDN, the controller plays a pivotal role by overseeing the entire network and configuring routes. However, centralized SDN controllers are susceptible to malicious attacks, posing a single point of failure, with Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks being a prominent threat. This paper undertakes a comprehensive literature review to delve into the recent advancements in DDoS attack detection within SDN environments. The review meticulously categorizes detection techniques into Statistical, Machine Learning, and Hybrid approaches, which ingeniously combine statistical and ML methodologies. Moreover, the paper pinpoints research gaps in SDN security, offering invaluable insights for future research endeavors to bolster SDN against cyber threats.

  Keywords:  SDN, DDoS attack, statistical technique, machine learning, hybrid technique.

ABSTRACT

In this study, radon and uranium concentrations in different water samples within selected regions of Hadhramout coast are reported, varying between natural water and bottled treated water, by recording fission fragments emitted from radon gas in the CR-39. The results we obtained showed that the radon and uranium concentrations for all water samples ranged between 0.38   to 4.32  and from 279.6 ppb to 24.32 ppb respectively, the hot springs water is characterized by the highest average of radon and uranium concentrations about 3.94  255.3 ppb respectively, while the local bottled water is characterized by the  lowest one 0.62  and 40.56 ppb respectively, and all  of these concentrations mentioned in this study are less than the permissible limit set by USEPA and WHO of (11.1-100) .

Keywords:  Radon; CR-39 detector; alpha particles; uranium; chemical etching; ground water.

ABSTRACT

We define and study two operators on the weak structure. Furthermore, we introduce two new families of sets called occlusion sets and inner sets by using these operators on the open sets and closed sets of the weak structures. Additionally, we prove that a pair consisting of a universal set and a family of occlusion sets forms a generalized topological space. Moreover, we establish that a pair consisting of a universal set and a family of inner sets forms a base space. We also define a new version of a - separation axiom based on these new sets. Finally, we investigate the relationships between a new version of a - separation axiom on the weak structures.

Keywords:  Weak structure; Generalized topology; Separation axioms.

ABSTRACT

Increasing energy prices and environmental deterioration related to the extensive consumption of fossil fuel triggered researchers to look for alternative energy sources. Biodiesel is a promising alternative that can substitute conventional diesel. It is sourced from vegetative and animal-based feedstocks. The current study targeted discarded beef tallow (DBT) as an affordable feedstock to synthesize biodiesel fuel. The lipids of DBT were extracted using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) as an efficient and eco-friendly technology that does not involve toxic solvents or high temperatures that may affect the fatty acids composition. The operating parameters of SC-CO2 were evaluated to achieve the highest DBT lipid yield, which was 86.10±2.11%, obtained at an extraction temperature of 60 °C, an extraction pressure of 30 MPa, and a treatment time of 120 min. The extracted lipids were subjected to a base-catalytic transesterification to synthesize biodiesel. Based on the assessment of the transesterification factors, the best conversion percentage was 94.9±2.25% obtained at a lipid to methanol molar ratio of 1:7 mol/mol, a catalyst ratio of 1 wt%, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and a reaction time of 70 min. The characteristics of the produced biodiesel largely comply with the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards, confirming the viability of DBT as an affordable feedstock for biodiesel production.

Keywords:  biodiesel; beef tallow; waste; supercritical CO2; transesterification  

ABSTRACT

The third-generation mobile communication network is currently only available in major cities in Yemen (Hadhramout state), and it is not fast enough to meet the demands of the modern world or keep up with technological advancements in rural areas and certain villages. The network occasionally switches from the third generation to the incredibly slow second generation. In order to plan and simulate the 5G mmWave for Hadhramout University College of Engineering and Petroleum as a case study, "EMslice" used in this work. The 5G mmWave simulation is built in the research to encompass Hadramout University College of Engineering and Petroleum. Investigations are conducted into the overlapping zone, transmitter height, and signal level prediction. Consequently, there is little station overlaps and good prediction provided by the system design.

Keywords: 5G; tracing signal; mmWaves.

ABSTRACT

The hydro-treating unit's energy recovery potential was explored using a thermal integration strategy in order to save money, improve energy efficiency, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions from waste heat. To maximize energy recovery while reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the environment, the hydro-treating unit's energy efficiency was improved using a mathematical model. The hydro-treating unit required 184.6 MMBtu/hr and 176.9 MMBtu/hr of energy for the delivery of heating and cooling utilities, respectively. With a minimal temperature differential of 65°F, the current research reveals a significant opportunity to reduce the energy consumption of the hydro-treating process. The end result shows an energy savings of roughly 12.7% for furnace heating and about 13.2% for cooling. The amount of energy recovered was 23.4 MMBtu/hr, or around 8% of the total energy used. Environmental carbon dioxide emissions decreased by approximately 13%.

Keywords:  Energy recovery, Heat exchanger network, Energy saving, Carbon dioxide emission, Mathematical model, Hydrotreating unit

ABSTRACT

Design optimization of the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) unit was carried out to minimize energy consumption and improve the efficiency of the process simultaneously. Simulation of the debutanizer column is conducted via mass and energy balances for separating the liquefied petroleum gas from light naphtha (C+5) using the CHEMCAD® Simulator. The simulation was designed using a rigorous distillation column simulator, RadFrac. The thermodynamic model was based on the physical property method of the Peng-Robinson and the RK-Soave models. The simulated results of the model have been validated by comparison with plant data, where the average absolute deviation (AAD%) of liquefied petroleum gas and light naphtha reached 2.5% and 2.1%, respectively. The composition of the output products was within the acceptable limit and agreement. The results of column optimization for optimal reflux ratio, feed tray location, and reducing energy consumption of the condenser were 0.6854, 14th tray, and -22637 MJ/hr, respectively. The design and operation of the debutanizer column are at a pressure of 231.87 psig, with column diameter and height around 2.13 and 19m, respectively. This optimization not only improves the overall efficiency of the LPG unit but also increases profitability for the company.

Keywords:  Simulation; Design; Optimization; Liquefied petroleum gas; Debutanizer column; CHEMCAD Software

ABSTRACT

The growing demand for gym services has increased the need for modern and efficient management solutions. During our investigation in Mukalla City, we identified that many local gyms still rely on outdated, manual processes that hinder productivity and limit service quality. To overcome these issues, this study introduces a comprehensive Gym Management System (GMS) designed to streamline core operations such as membership handling, communication, session booking, concession management, and data storage related to equipment, coaches, and various services. The system was developed using an agile methodology, incorporating Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams to clearly represent system functionalities and relationships during the design phase. A functional prototype was implemented with Dart, Flutter, and MySQL Testing results confirmed the system’s functionality for gym staff and clients. Overall, the proposed GMS demonstrates strong potential to improve operational efficiency and enhance the overall experience for gym administrators and members.

Keywords:  Gym system; agile development; UML.

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on solving fractional integro-differential equations with a functional bound. It aims to provide a matrix-collocation method that utilizes the Said polynomial and matrix relations of the differential and integral sections at the collocation locations. The method simplifies these matrix interactions by using reduced expansions instead of an alternative polynomial basis, making it a direct approach to the problems at hand. We evaluate the proposed approach by comparing it to established analytic and semi-analytic methodologies. Consequently, our technique, which relies on the Said-Ball series solution methods, produces superior outcomes. Two numerical examples that are supplied for the purpose of illustration.

Keywords: Fractional Fredholm integral equation, Said-Ball Polynomial, fractional calculus, Approximate solutions.

ABSTRACT

Three species of marine green macroalgae (Chlorophyta); Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Halimeda tuna were collected from Mukalla Coast-Gulf of Aden for the purpose of bioactive compounds extraction as crude materials. Two types of alcoholic solvents; methanol and ethanol, were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude macroalgal extracts. Agar well diffusion method was used to test the bacterial growth inhibitory functions of macroalgae against three types of pathogenic bacteria which are Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae). The results revealed that the three macroalgal species possess various degrees of antibacterial activity against the three bacterial species. Strong antibacterial activity was observed in Ulva lactuca and gave high activity with methanol against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and with ethanol against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Enteromorpha intestinalis had moderate inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli. Among the alcoholic solvents, methanol showed a high and effective inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. Ethanol gave the highest inhibitory effect only against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria. It could be concluded that green crude macroalgal extracts may be used as a source of alternative substances of antibiotics.

Keywords:  Macroalgae, Antibacterial activity, Methanolic extract, Ethanolic extract., Pathogenic bacteria.

ABSTRACT

The collocation method based on Wang polynomials is used to get an approximate solution of the Bratu's equation. An operational matrix form of this equation is obtained from Wang polynomial with various solution relations and different derivatives. The proposed method transforms the given problem to a nonlinear system of algebraic equations. The resulting system is solved using Newton's iteration method to get the coefficients of Wang polynomials. We got approximate solutions of the Bratu's equation. Numerical results have been obtained and compared with the exact solution and other works. The presented method gives impressive solutions that show the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.

Keywords:  Wang polynomial, Collocation method, Bratu's equation, Nonlinear differential equations, Operational matrix form.