Abstract. The emergence of COVID-19 has become an international level threat not limited to health but affecting other areas such as economy and agriculture. Diagnosis of COVID-19 currently relies on advanced genetic amplification testing that requires a costly apparatus. Development of an inexpensive diagnostic kit that does not rely on genetic amplification but that utilizes antigenic structures on the viral surface, such as the rapid influenza diagnostic test, would allow a more accurate estimation of coronavirus cases around the world. Proteinase 3CL-PRO is a glycoprotein that exists on 96% of the novel COVID-19. This surface glycoprotein cleaves the c-terminus of a protein and produces a carboxylic acid that can alter the pH. The changes in pH could be used to determine the presence of coronavirus in an individual’s mucosa. A decrease in pH was detected in a symptomatic subject in this study who was at a high risk for coronavirus. However, the result could not be confirmed with a genetic amplification test. The purpose of this study is to serve as a seed for further investigations on the search of a more accessible and efficacious antigen-based diagnostic tests. Although confirmatory test were not available, the theoretical background and the results showed a great potential of proteinase 3CL-PRO to be utilized as a target for antigenic diagnostic tests.

Keywords: COVID-19, Diagnostic Tool, Coronavirus.

Abstract. It is known that the Covid-19 pandemic has become the biggest problem facing the world today. There is a general global trend to eliminate this pandemic, and many studies have been conducted in this field. Some of these studies have been placed within a limited scope and do not rely on methods of accurate scientific research. The majority of these studies later showed a discrepancy in the statement of cases symptoms, and the mechanism of the pandemic spread, this study aims to shed light on the five most important protocols for scientific interaction in conducting scientific research in this broad field to spare the scientific field of confusion and fallacies, so the new studies should take into account that facts change quickly and are not fixed.

Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, World Health Organization, Main Protocols, Covid-19 and Future Studies.

Abstract: The whole world is facing a new outbreak of very dangerous and fatal disease named as The Corona virus pneumonia, which occurred as a pandemic disaster in early December 2019 in the Wuhan city of China. This Pandemic has special influencing factors and conditions on the mind set of common people. The outbreak has created severe doubts, as it is very unique and its onset is very slow which add clinical confusions for its diagnosis. The source of infection is miscellaneous which further creates confusions to its prevention and control. The easy route of transmission, higher morbidity and susceptibility of the population account for its higher incidences and, the "complicated" natural factors and "superposed social factors" are the obvious characteristics of the widespread Pandemic . The quick and effective prevention and regulatory strategies adopted by the government of China have greatly changed the Pandemic process which was highly recognized by the World Health Organization expert group and praised by many countries and international organizations. However, analyzing the scenario deeply and planning for a long term perspective, not even china but the global health security will have to take highly effective measures for a long time to eliminate the Pandemic .

Keywords: Corona virus Pneumonia, Pandemic Disaster, Complicated natural Factor, Superposed Social factors, Pandemic

Abstract: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has left a lasting impression on the people of Bundibugyo district in Western Uganda and the memories are still fresh among the community members. Bundibugyo borders with Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) which has continued to be affected by EVD. In May 2018, there was an outbreak of EVD in Bikoro town found in DRC. Bundibugyo district experienced EVD outbreak in 2007 which left devastating effects to the communities. This study was conducted to examine community’s response towards EVD survivors in Bundibugyo district. The study employed a cross-sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection approaches. Primary data was collected in the year 2016 in Kikyo sub-county and Bundibugyo Town Council that are found in Bundibugyo district. A structured questionnaire was administered to 254 respondents. Qualitative methods such as key informant interviews and Focus Group Discussions were used to collect additional information from participants. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. Thematic and content analysis was adopted for qualitative data. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (78.2%) would receive EVD survivors back into the community. Majority of the female respondents (52.4%) compared to males (47.6%) reported that EVD survivors were discriminated, followed by males who mentioned that EVD survivors were stigmatized (52.6%). The biggest number of respondents (52.2% males and 47.8% females) had emergency contacts in case they saw signs of EVD. Majority of the community members had emergency contacts of a health worker followed by community leaders and radio contacts respectively. There were no significant relationships between possession of emergency contacts in case of EVD signs and gender. In conclusion, more women than men reported that EVD survivors were discriminated and stigmatized. This was probably because people in the community were not satisfied that survivors had completely recovered. It was however observed that more males (54%) than females had contacts or phone numbers of medical personnel to contact in case an EVD sign was noticed among community members. It is therefore important to have intervention programmes where community leaders are targeted in response to EVD outbreaks.

Key words: EVD, epidemic, emergency, community leaders and imported infections, Covid-19.

A

Abstract: In 31 December 2019, the WHO China Country Office was informed of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China. As of 3 January 2020, a total of 44 patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology have been reported to World Health Organization (WHO) by the national authorities in China. Of the 44 cases reported, 11 are severely ill, while the remaining 33 patients were in stable condition. As the number of cases showing similar symptoms began to rise, the causative factor was eventually separated from samples. It was initially called the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and has been recently relabelled as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the disease it causes has been named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Over the next few weeks, the virus spread from Wuhan to impact several areas in China and, after a few months, it is now present in 209 countries. Until second of May, 2020, there have been 3,472,040 confirmed cases globally, 244,107 deaths and 1,114,297 recovered have been registered. The WHO called COVID-19 a pandemic in March 11, 2020. Multiple drug trials are going on with some positive results. However, since no vaccine is available, the most reliable way to combat the virus is by preventive methods.

Keywords: COVID-19, Coronaviruses, Epidemiology, Managing COVID-19 Epidemic, confirmed cases

Abstract: The coronavirus is pandemic in the world and Nepal has also been in complete lock down condition from more than 1 month. The majority of waste workers in Nepal represent the poor economic individuals or the migrant employee from different parts of India. This study involved the comparative analysis of Solid Waste Management Act, Guidelines on Nepal with field observation of three different areas of Kathmandu Valley. The act, rules, guidelines has been analysed as secondary data sources and compared with field observation. The study identified the high risk of exposure of waste workers and waste picker towards coronavirus. The analysis further suspected the retransmission of the coronavirus to the community from waste workers/pickers to the community making it difficult to control. The study revealed the fact that there has been proper awareness of symptoms and mode of transmission among waste workers/pickers but due to unavailability of safety means, they are more vulnerable. This study established the fact that the Government’s priority to health sector alone cannot reduce the COVID-19 vulnerability if waste management sector is not prioritized equally.

Keywords: Waste Management, Waste workers, COVID-19, Coronavirus